The Interactive RBR provides the evidence and resources for the items in the RBR.
Clicking on any item with blue shading reveals:
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Healthy bodies for children and teens - Dietitians of Canada
Feeding Infants and Toddlers - Dietitians of Canada
Screen time at home: Healthy habits - Canadian Paediatric Society - Caring for Kids
Finding and Keeping a Healthy Body Weight - The Hospital for Sick Children - About Kids Health
Is My Child Growing Well? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Download WHO Growth Charts for Canada - Dietitians of Canada
Breastfeeding: How do you know your baby is getting enough milk? - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding: Test Weighing Your Baby - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding: Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life for healthy term infants. Introduction of solids should be led by the infant’s signs of readiness—a few weeks before to just after 6 months. Breast milk is the optimal food for infants, and breastfeeding (with complementary foods) may continue for up to two years and beyond unless contraindicated. Breastfeeding may reduce gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and helps to protect against SIDS. Maternal support (both antepartum and postpartum) increases breastfeeding and prolongs its duration. Early and frequent mother- infant contact, rooming in, and banning handouts of free infant formula increase breastfeeding rates.
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Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants Birth to 6 Months – Health Canada
Feeding Infants and Toddlers - Dietitians of Canada
Toxnet: Toxicology Data Network - LactMed - A peer-reviewed and fully referenced database of drugs to which breastfeeding mothers may be exposed - National Institute of Health
Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society - Caring for Kids
Breastfeeding - La Leche League Canada
Breastfeeding and Infant Nutrition - Public Health Agency of Canada
Breastfeeding: How do you know your baby is getting enough milk? - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding Your Baby – More Information - Baby Friendly NL, Health Canada
Breastfeeding Problems - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding: Test Weighing Your Baby - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
My Food Guide Serving Tracker for Breastfeeding Women - Health Canada
Thrush - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Breastfeeding Inc. - Breastfeeding On Line – Dr. Jack Newman
Vitamin D Supplementation and Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Pacifiers (Soothers) : A User’s Guide for Parents - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Pediatric Nutrition Guidelines - Ontario Society of Nutrition Professionals in Public Health (OSNPPH)
Weaning Your Child From Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Feeding Your Baby: Weaning - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Feeding Your Baby in the First Year - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Your Newborn: Bringing Baby Home From The Hospital - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Vitamin D supplementation of 400 IU/day (800 IU/day in high-risk infants) is recommended for infants/children for as long as they are breastfed. Breastfeeding mothers should consume a standard multivitamin/mineral supplement that contains vitamin D (400 IU/day). |
Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants Birth to 6 Months – Health Canada
Breastfeeding and Infant Nutrition - Public Health Agency of Canada
Breastfeeding Your Baby – More Information - Baby Friendly NL, Health Canada
Vitamin D Supplementation and Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Pediatric Nutrition Guidelines - Ontario Society of Nutrition Professionals in Public Health (OSNPPH)
Feeding Your Baby in the First Year - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
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Pediatric Nutrition Guidelines - Ontario Society of Nutrition Professionals in Public Health (OSNPPH)
Weaning Your Child From Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Feeding Your Baby in the First Year - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Disruptive behaviour (CPS/CACAP) Refer parents of children at risk of, or showing signs of, behavioural or conduct problems to structured parenting programs which have been shown to increase positive parenting, improve child compliance, and reduce general behaviour problems. Access community resources to determine the most appropriate and available research-structured programs. Parenting skills (EECD) |
Colic and Crying - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Colic - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Taming the Monsters: Helping Children Deal with their Fears - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Night Terrors - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Guiding your Child with Positive Discipline - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
When Your Child Misbehaves - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Anger Management - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Disciplining your Child - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Helping Children Cope with Separation and Divorce - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Responding to the Stress of Disaster - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Bedwetting - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Bed-Wetting (Enuresis) - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Biting in Childcare : What are the Risks? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
How to Foster your Child’s Self Esteem - CPS - Caring for Kids
Transportation in motorized vehicles including cars, ATVs, snowmobiles, etc.:
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Car Seat Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Car Seats - Parachute Canada
Understanding the Different Car Seat Stages - Parachute Canada
Child Passenger Safety - Parachute Canada
All-Terrain Vehicle Safety - Parachute Canada
All-Terrain Vehicles: Safety Tips for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Snowmobiles: Safety Tips for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Wheeled Activities - Parachute Canada
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Your Newborn: Bringing Baby Home From The Hospital - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Burns: Install smoke detectors in the home on every level. Keep hot water at a temperature < 49oC. Be vigilant with hot liquids on counter-tops. |
Sun Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Sunburn - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Sun: Protecting Your Child’s Skin - The Hosptial for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Scalds and Burns - Parachute Canada
Burns: Winter Safety - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Burn Injury - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Preventing Burns: Campfires and Fireworks - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Burns: First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Burns: Household Safety and Prevention - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Poisons and other toxins: Keep medicines and cleaners, and other toxic substances locked up and out of child’s reach. Have Poison Control Centre number (PCC#) handy. Use of ipecac is contraindicated in children. Install carbon monoxide detectors. |
Food Poisoning: Protecting Your Family - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Food Safety for Pregnant Women - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Food Safety at Home - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
How to Dispose of a Mercury Thermometer - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Poison Prevention - Parachute Canada
Poison Information Centers in Canada - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Poison-Proof Your Home: A Guide to Keeping Your Family Safe From Poisons - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Lead Poisoning - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Antimicrobial Products in the Home - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Firearm safety: Advise on removal of firearms from home or safe storage to decrease risk of unintentional firearm injury, suicide, or homicide. Prevention of firearm injuries (CPS) |
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Gun Safety: Information for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Drowning: Prevention of drowning (AAP)
Burns: Install smoke detectors in the home on every level. Keep hot water at a temperature < 49oC. Be vigilant with hot liquids on counter-tops. |
Drowning Prevention - Parachute Canada
Water Safety for Young Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Drowning (Baby): First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Drowning (Child): First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Bathtub Safety - Parachute Canada
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Playground and Water Features - Parachute Canada
Choking: Avoid hard, small and round, smooth, and sticky solid foods until age 4 years. Encourage child to remain seated while eating and drinking. Use safe toys, follow minimum age recommendations, and remove loose parts and broken toys. Preventing choking and suffocation in children (CPS) |
Halloween Safety - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Home Safety: Meal Time - Parachute Canada
Choking: First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Pacifier use: Counsel on safe and appropriate use. Pacifiers may decrease risk of SIDS and should not be discouraged in the 1st year of life after breastfeeding is well established, but should be restricted in children with chronic/recurrent otitis media. Recommendations for pacifier use (CPS) |
Pacifiers (Soothers) : A User’s Guide for Parents - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Dental Care for Children – Pacifiers and Thumb Sucking - Canadian Dental Association
Safe sleeping environment: Joint statement (CPS/CFSIDS/CICH/HC/PHAC) | 2016 task force on SIDS (AAP)
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Pacifiers (Soothers) : A User’s Guide for Parents - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Safe Sleep for Babies - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Preventing Flat Heads in Babies Who Sleep on Their Backs - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Healthy Sleep for your Baby and Child - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Safe Sleep for Your Baby - Public Health Agency of Canada
Home Safety: Bed Time - Parachute Canada
Sleeping Problems - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Falls: Assess home for hazards – never leave baby alone on change table or other high surface; use window guards and stair gates. Baby walkers are banned in Canada and should never be used. Ensure stability of furniture and TV. Advise against trampoline use at home. Trampoline safety (AAP) |
Are Trampolines Safe? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Crying: Excessive crying may be caused by behavioural or physical factors or be the upper limit of the normal spectrum. Caregiver frustration with infant crying can lead to child maltreatment/inflicted injury (head injury, fractures, bruising). The Period of Purple Crying. |
Colic and Crying - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Colic - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Night waking: Occurs in 20% of infants and toddlers who do not require night feeding. Counselling around positive bedtime routines (including training the child to fall asleep alone), removing nighttime positive reinforcers, keeping morning awakening time consistent, and rewarding good sleep behaviour has been shown to reduce the prevalence of night waking, especially when this counselling begins in the first 3 weeks of life. Behaviour modification & sleep (MJA) Sleep problems & night wakings (Sleep) |
Babies: Phasing out Nighttime Feeding - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Safe Sleep for Babies - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Healthy Sleep for your Baby and Child - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Safe Sleep for Your Baby - Public Health Agency of Canada
Sleeping Problems - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Night Terrors - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Bed-Wetting (Enuresis) - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Supporting Positive parenting (CPS) Inform parents that warm, responsive, flexible, and consistent discipline techniques are associated with positive child outcomes. Over reactive, inconsistent, cold, and coercive techniques are associated with negative child outcomes. Use of any physical punishment including spanking should be discouraged in all ages. Effective discipline for children (PCH) Refer parents of children at risk of, or showing signs of, behavioural or conduct problems to structured parenting programs which have been shown to increase positive parenting, improve child compliance, and reduce general behaviour problems. Access community resources to determine the most appropriate and available research-structured programs. Parenting skills (EECD) |
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Taming the Monsters: Helping Children Deal with their Fears - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Guiding your Child with Positive Discipline - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
When Your Child Misbehaves - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Anger Management - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Disciplining your Child - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Helping Children Cope with Separation and Divorce - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Responding to the Stress of Disaster - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Biting in Childcare : What are the Risks? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
How to Foster your Child’s Self Esteem - CPS - Caring for Kids
Maternal depression: Physicians should have a high awareness of maternal depression, which is a risk factor for the socio-emotional and cognitive development of children. Although less studied, paternal factors may compound the maternal-infant issues. Maternal depression and child development (CPS) |
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Depression in Pregnant Women and Mothers: How it Affects your Child - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Maternal depression: Physicians should have a high awareness of maternal depression, which is a risk factor for the socio-emotional and cognitive development of children. Although less studied, paternal factors may compound the maternal-infant issues. Maternal depression and child development (CPS) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (AAP) Adoption/Foster care: Children newly adopted or entering foster care are a high risk population with special needs for health supervision. Foster Care (CPS) | International adoption (Caring for Kids CPS) Immigrants/refugees: Caring for kids new to Canada (CPS) | CCIRH-Clinical Guidelines | Cross-cultural communication (CPS) Aboriginal children: Social determinants of health in Aboriginal children in Canada (PCH) Social determinants of health (SDH): Inquiry about impact of poverty: “Within the past 12 mos, did you worry that your food would run out before you got money to buy more, OR did the food not last and you didn’t have money to get more?” Food insecurity (Pediatrics) | CLEAR tool kit | Poverty Tool (OCFP) | Social determinants of health (CFPC) | Infrastructure to address SDH (PCH) Prevention of child maltreatment:
Assess home visit need: There is good evidence for home visiting by nurses during the perinatal period through infancy for first-time mothers of low socioeconomic status, single parents or teenaged parents to prevent physical abuse and/or neglect. |
Colic and Crying - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Colic - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Guiding your Child with Positive Discipline - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
When Your Child Misbehaves - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Anger Management - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Disciplining your Child - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Depression in Pregnant Women and Mothers: How it Affects your Child - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
A Parent’s Guide to the Participation of Children and Teens in Medical Education - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Health Research in Children: What Parents Need To Know - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Social determinants of health (SDH): Inquiry about impact of poverty: “Within the past 12 mos, did you worry that your food would run out before you got money to buy more, OR did the food not last and you didn’t have money to get more?” Food insecurity (Pediatrics) | CLEAR tool kit | Poverty Tool (OCFP) | Social determinants of health (CFPC) | Infrastructure to address SDH (PCH) |
Assess healthy sleep habits: Normal sleep (quality and quantity for age) is associated with typical development and leads to better health outcomes. Sleeping Behaviour (EECD). Recommended sleep duration per 24 hrs: 12-14 hrs (infants 4–12 months); 11-14 hrs (1–2 yrs); 10-13 hrs. (3–5 yrs); 9-12 hrs (6–12 yrs); 8-10 hrs (13–18 yrs). Turn off computer/TV screens 60 minutes before bedtime. No computer/TV screens in bedroom. Recommended amount of sleep (AASM) |
Babies: Phasing out Nighttime Feeding - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Safe Sleep for Babies - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Healthy Sleep for your Baby and Child - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Safe Sleep for Your Baby - Public Health Agency of Canada
Home Safety: Bed Time - Parachute Canada
Sleeping Problems - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Night Terrors - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Bedwetting - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Bed-Wetting (Enuresis) - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Social determinants of health (SDH): Inquiry about impact of poverty: “Within the past 12 mos, did you worry that your food would run out before you got money to buy more, OR did the food not last and you didn’t have money to get more?” Food insecurity (Pediatrics) | CLEAR tool kit | Poverty Tool (OCFP) | Social determinants of health (CFPC) | Infrastructure to address SDH (PCH) Prevention of child maltreatment:
Assess home visit need: There is good evidence for home visiting by nurses during the perinatal period through infancy for first-time mothers of low socioeconomic status, single parents or teenaged parents to prevent physical abuse and/or neglect. |
Second-hand smoke/E-cigs/Cannabis exposure: There is no safe level of exposure. Advise caregivers to stop smoking and/or reduce second-hand smoke exposure, which contributes to childhood respiratory illnesses, SIDS and neuro-behavioural disorders. Offer smoking cessation resources. Educate parents on the health risks and harms associated with e-cigs and cannabis (including edibles), and on safe storage. Cannabis (CPS) |
Sun exposure/sunscreens: Minimize sun exposure. Wear protective clothing, hats, properly applied sunscreen with SPF ≥ 30 for those > 6 months of age. Insect bites/repellents: Prevent insect bites. No DEET in < 6 months; 6–24 months 10% DEET apply max once daily; 2–12 years 10% DEET apply max TID. Preventing mosquito and tick bites (CPS) |
Sun Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Sunburn - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Sun: Protecting Your Child’s Skin - The Hosptial for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Insect Repellents for Children - Canadia Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Insect Bites - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Advise parents against using OTC cough/cold medications: Treating cough and cold (CPS) |
Using Over-The-Counter Drugs to Treat Cold Symptoms - Canadian Paediatric Society– Caring for Kids
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Questions should be routinely asked about the use of complementary and alternative medicine, therapy, or products, especially for children with chronic conditions. Natural Health Products (Caring for kids, CPS); Homeopathy (CPS); Chiropractic care (PCH) |
Natural Health Products and Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Natural Health Products - Health Canada
Fever advice/thermometers: Fever ≥ 38oC in an infant < 3 months needs urgent evaluation. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen are both effective antipyretics. Acetaminophen remains the first choice for antipyresis under 6 months of age; thereafter ibuprofen or acetaminophen may be used. Alternating acetaminophen with ibuprofen for fever control is not recommended in primary care settings as this may encourage fever phobia, and the potential risks of medication error outweigh measurable clinical benefit. Fever in the returning child traveller (CPS) | Fever and temperature taking (Caring for Kids CPS) |
How to Dispose of a Mercury Thermometer - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Fever and Temperature Taking - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Fever in Infants and Children - The College of Family Physicians of Canada
Temperature Taking - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Fever - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
When Your Child Is Sick: Illness and Infections - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Febrile Seizures - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Using Over-The-Counter Drugs to Treat Cold Symptoms - Canadian Paediatric Society– Caring for Kids
Healthy active living (CPS) | CSEP guidelines | Screen time and young children (CPS) Encourage increased physical activity, with parents as role models, through interactive floor-based play for infants and a variety of activities for young children, and decreased sedentary pastimes.
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Healthy bodies for children and teens - Dietitians of Canada
Children and Physical Activity - Health Canada
Finding and Keeping a Healthy Body Weight - The Hospital for Sick Children - About Kids Health
Snowmobiles: Safety Tips for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Wheeled Activities - Parachute Canada
Water Safety for Young Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Frostbite - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Winter Safety - Canadian Paedistric Society – Caring for Kids
Winter Safety - Parachute Canada
Playground Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Playground Safety - Parachute Canada
Sports – Related Concussions - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Playground and Water Features - Parachute Canada
Physical Activity for Children and Youth - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
When is My Child Ready For Sports? - CPS – Caring for Kids
Physical Activity for Children and Youth With a Chronic Illness - Canadian Paediatric Society - Caring for Kids
Encourage parents to read and sing to their infants and children and to limit TV, video and computer games to provide more opportunities for reading. |
Read, Speak, Sing To Your Baby: How Parents Can Promote Literacy from Birth - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Promoting Reading in School-Aged Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Inquire about current child care arrangements. High quality child care is associated with improved paediatric outcomes in all children. Factors enhancing quality child care include: practitioner general education and specific training; group size and child/staff ratio; licensing and registration/accreditation; infection control and injury prevention; and emergency procedures.
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Biting in Childcare : What are the Risks? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Child Care: Making the Best Choice for your Family - Canadian Paediatric Society - Caring for Kids
Oral Health - Smiles for Life
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Pacifiers (Soothers) : A User’s Guide for Parents - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Healthy Teeth for Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Dental Care For Children – Cleaning Teeth - Canadian Dental Association
Dental Care For Children – Nutrition for Children - Canadian Dental Association
Dental Care For Children – Dental Development - Canadian Dental Association
Early Childhood Tooth Decay - Canadian Dental Association
Your Child’s First Visit (To The Dentist) - Canadian Dental Association
Dental Care for Children – Fluoride and Your Child - Canadian Dental Association
Dental Care for Children – Pacifiers and Thumb Sucking - Canadian Dental Association
Tooth Injury: First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Teething - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Teeth: Dental Care for Children - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Avoid all sweetened fruit drinks, sport-drinks, energy drinks and soft-drinks; restrict fruit juice consumption to a maximum of 1/2 cup (125 mL) per day. Limit the consumption of prepared food and beverage products that are high in sugar content. Limit/avoid consuming highly processed foods that are high in dietary sodium. Dietary sodium (CPS) |
Introduction to solids: A few weeks before to just after 6 months, guided by infant’s readiness (CPS Caring for Kids), start iron containing foods to avoid iron deficiency. A variety of soft texture foods, ranging from purees to finger foods, can be introduced. Allergenic foods: For all infants, including those at high risk for allergies, allergenic foods (especially eggs and peanut products) can be introduced with other solids around 6 months, but not before 4 months, as guided by the infant’s signs of readiness. Once allergenic solids are introduced, they should be fed a few times a week to maintain tolerance.
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Fish consumption: 2 servings/week of low mercury fish: Fish consumption and mercury (HC) |
Introduction to solids: A few weeks before to just after 6 months, guided by infant’s readiness (CPS Caring for Kids), start iron containing foods to avoid iron deficiency. A variety of soft texture foods, ranging from purees to finger foods, can be introduced. Allergenic foods: For all infants, including those at high risk for allergies, allergenic foods (especially eggs and peanut products) can be introduced with other solids around 6 months, but not before 4 months, as guided by the infant’s signs of readiness. Once allergenic solids are introduced, they should be fed a few times a week to maintain tolerance.
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Fish consumption: 2 servings/week of low mercury fish: Fish consumption and mercury (HC) |
Vegetarian diets: Vegetarian diets in children and adolescents (CPS) |
Fish consumption: 2 servings/week of low mercury fish: Fish consumption and mercury (HC) |
Milk consumption range is consensus only & is provided as an approximate guide. Dietary fat content: Restriction of dietary fat during the first 2 years is not recommended since it may compromise the intake of energy and essential fatty acids, required for growth and development. After 2 years, a gradual transition begins from a high fat milk diet to a lower fat milk diet, as per Canada’s Food Guide. |
Promote family meals with independent/self-feeding while offering a variety of healthy foods. NHTI: 6–24 months |
Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants Birth to 6 Months – Health Canada
My Food Guide Serving Tracker for Breastfeeding Women - Health Canada
Brown Bag Lunches - Dietitians of Canada
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide - Health Canada
Footwear: Shoes are for protection, not correction. Walking barefoot develops good toe gripping and muscular strength. Footwear for children (CPS) |
Footwear for Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Tonsil size/sleep-disordered breathing: Screen for sleep problems. Behavioural sleep problems and snoring in the presence of sleep-disordered breathing warrants assessment re obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA (AAP) |
Lead: There is no safe level of lead exposure in children. Evidence suggests that low blood lead levels can have adverse health effects on a child’s cognitive function. Blood Lead Screening is recommended for children who:
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Lead Poisoning - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Pesticides: Ask about pesticide use and storage at home; avoid exposure. Wash all fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled. Food additives and child health (AAP) | Pesticide Exposure in Children (AAP) |
Fontanelles: The posterior fontanelle is usually closed by 2 months and the anterior by 18 months. The Abnormal fontanel (AAFP) |
Vision inquiry/screening: Vision screening (CPS)
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Vision inquiry/screening: Vision screening (CPS)
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Hearing inquiry/screening: Language delay or parental concerns about hearing acuity should prompt a rapid referral for hearing assessment. Formal audiology testing should be performed in all high-risk infants, including those with normal UNHS. Older children should be screened if clinically indicated. |
Your Baby’s Hearing - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Your Newborn: Bringing Baby Home From The Hospital - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Hips: There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine diagnostic imaging for screening for developmental dysplasia of the hips, but examination of the hips should be included until at least one year, or until the child can walk. Exam includes assessing limb length discrepancy and asymmetric thigh or buttock (gluteal) creases; performing Ortolani manoeuvre (usually negative after 3 mos); and testing for limited abduction (usually positive after 3 mos). Consider selective imaging between 6 wks and 6 mos if risk factor (i.e. breech, family history, hip instability on physical exam). DDH (AAP) |
Muscle tone: Assessment should be performed for abnormal tone or deep tendon reflexes, or for asymmetric movements (moving one side more than other). These may be early signs of cerebral palsy or neuromotor disorder and suggest the need for further assessment. CP Features (DM&CN) |
Jaundice: Bilirubin testing (total and conjugated) if persists beyond 2 wks of age. Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Guidelines (CPS) | Newborn screening for biliary atresia (AAP). |
Bruising: Unexplained bruising warrants evaluation re child maltreatment or medical illness. |
Inspect tongue mobility for ankyloglossia if breastfeeding problems. Ankyloglossia and breastfeeding (CPS) |
Hemoglobinopathy screening: Screen all neonates from high-risk groups: Asian, African & Mediterranean. |
Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS): Effectively identifies infants with congenital hearing loss and allows for early intervention & improved outcomes. Universal newborn hearing screening (CPS) |
Newborn Screening Tests - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Your Newborn: Bringing Baby Home From The Hospital - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Dental: Examine for problems including caries, oral soft tissue infections or pathology; and for normal teeth eruption sequence. Canadian Caries Risk Assessment Tool ![]() |
Hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B):
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Hepatitis B Vaccine - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
INJURY PREVENTION: In Canada, unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children and youth. Most of these preventable injuries are caused by motor vehicle collisions, suffocation, drowning, fire, poisoning, and falls. Injury deaths in Canada (PHAC). Unexplained injuries (e.g. fractures, bruising, burns) or injuries that do not fit the rationale provided or developmental stage raise concern for child maltreatment. |
Food Poisoning: Protecting Your Family - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Food Safety for Pregnant Women - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Food Safety at Home - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Halloween Safety - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Pacifiers (Soothers) : A User’s Guide for Parents - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Car Seat Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Car Seats - Parachute Canada
Understanding the Different Car Seat Stages - Parachute Canada
Child Passenger Safety - Parachute Canada
All-Terrain Vehicle Safety - Parachute Canada
All-Terrain Vehicles: Safety Tips for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Snowmobiles: Safety Tips for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Wheeled Activities - Parachute Canada
Helmet Safety - Parachute Canada
Drowning Prevention - Parachute Canada
Water Safety for Young Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Drowning (Baby): First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Drowning (Child): First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Home Safety: Meal Time - Parachute Canada
Choking: First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Sun Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Sunburn - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Sun: Protecting Your Child’s Skin - The Hosptial for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Scalds and Burns - Parachute Canada
Burns: Winter Safety - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Burn Injury - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Preventing Burns: Campfires and Fireworks - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Burns: First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Burns: Household Safety and Prevention - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Bathtub Safety - Parachute Canada
Frostbite - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Winter Safety - Canadian Paedistric Society – Caring for Kids
Winter Safety - Parachute Canada
How to Dispose of a Mercury Thermometer - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Poison Prevention - Parachute Canada
Poison Information Centers in Canada - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Poison-Proof Your Home: A Guide to Keeping Your Family Safe From Poisons - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Lead Poisoning - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Home Safety: Around the House - Parachute Canada
Are Trampolines Safe? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Playground Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Playground Safety - Parachute Canada
Sports – Related Concussions - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Title: Is Your Child Safe? - Source: Health Canada
Safe Sleep for Babies - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Preventing Flat Heads in Babies Who Sleep on Their Backs - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Healthy Sleep for your Baby and Child - Canadian Pediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Safe Sleep for Your Baby - Public Health Agency of Canada
Home Safety: Bed Time - Parachute Canada
Sleeping Problems - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Keeping Kids Safe - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Gun Safety: Information for Families - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Pet Safety: Tips for Bringing Pets into your Home - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Never Shake a Baby - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Playground and Water Features - Parachute Canada
Your Preschooler and Safety: How to Prevent Injuries at Home - Canadian Paediatric Society - Caring for Kids
When is My Child Ready For Sports? - CPS – Caring for Kids
Biting in Childcare : What are the Risks? - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Animal Bites: First Aid - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Needle Stick Injuries - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Your Newborn: Bringing Baby Home From The Hospital - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Websites about environmental issues:
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NUTRITION: Nutrition for healthy term infants (NHTI): 0–6 months | 6–24 months | NutriSTEP® | Overview NHTI 0–6 months (CPS) | 2019 Nutrition Guidelines (ODPH) | Dietitians of Canada |
Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants Birth to 6 Months – Health Canada
Healthy bodies for children and teens - Dietitians of Canada
Toxnet: Toxicology Data Network - LactMed - A peer-reviewed and fully referenced database of drugs to which breastfeeding mothers may be exposed - National Institute of Health
Finding and Keeping a Healthy Body Weight - The Hospital for Sick Children - About Kids Health
Healthy Eating for Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Healthy Snacks for Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Appetite Slump in Toddlers - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
When your Child is a Picky Eater - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society - Caring for Kids
Feeding Children and Toddlers - Dietitians of Canada
Fast Foods: Better Choices - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding - La Leche League Canada
Breastfeeding and Infant Nutrition - Public Health Agency of Canada
Infant Nutrition - 0 – 24 months - Health Canada
Breastfeeding: How do you know your baby is getting enough milk? - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding Your Baby – More Information - Baby Friendly NL, Health Canada
Iron Needs of Babies and Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Breastfeeding Problems - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding: Test Weighing Your Baby - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Prebiotics and Probiotics - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
High Fibre Diet - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
My Food Guide Serving Tracker for Breastfeeding Women - Health Canada
Healthy Bowel Habits for Children - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Excessive Gas (Flatulence) - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Constipation - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Breastfeeding Inc. - Breastfeeding On Line – Dr. Jack Newman
Diarrhea - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Food Poisoning: Protecting Your Family - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Vitamin D Supplementation and Breastfeeding - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Food Safety for Pregnant Women - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Food Safety at Home - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Halloween Safety - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Food Allergies and Intolerances - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Food Allergies - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Pacifiers (Soothers) : A User’s Guide for Parents - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Food Allergies and Travelling - HSC – About Kids Health
Pediatric Nutrition Guidelines - Ontario Society of Nutrition Professionals in Public Health (OSNPPH)
Food Allergies - Health Canada – It’s Your Health
Feeding Your Baby: Weaning - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Babies: Phasing out Nighttime Feeding - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Brown Bag Lunches - Dietitians of Canada
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide - Health Canada
Feeding Your Baby in the First Year - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
My Menu Planner - EatRight Ontario
Home Safety: Meal Time - Parachute Canada
NutriStepR®: Nutrition Screening Tool for Toddlers and Preschoolers - Sudbury and District Health Unit
Nutrition Labels: Finding Out About The Food You Eat - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Dental Care For Children – Nutrition for Children - Canadian Dental Association
Early Childhood Tooth Decay - Canadian Dental Association
Your Newborn: Bringing Baby Home From The Hospital - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Manoeuvres are based on evidence-based literature on milestone acquisition. Evidence-based milestone ages (PCH). They are not a developmental screen, but rather an aid to developmental surveillance. They are set after the time of typical milestone acquisition. Thus, absence of any one or more items is considered a high-risk marker and indicates consideration for further developmental assessment, as does parental or caregiver concern about development at any stage. Assessment tools Table 4 (CPS) | Global Delay (CPS)
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Your Child’s Development – What to Expect - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Bedwetting - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Bed-Wetting (Enuresis) - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
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Publicly Funded Immunization Programs in Canada (September 2014) - Public Health Agency of Canada
A Parent’s Guide to Immunization Information on the Internet - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Vaccination and Your Child - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
A Parent's guide to Vaccination - Public Health Agency of Canada
Vaccine Safety - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Your Immunization Schedule – Immunization Schedule Tool - Public Health Agency of Canada
Immunization “Catch Up” for Children Who Have Not Been Fully Immunized - The Hospital for Sick Children - About Kids Health
Pain Free Injections - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Immunization Schedule - The Hospital for Sick Children – About Kids Health
Approved Vaccine Safety Websites - World Health Organization
HPV and HPV Vaccine - Canadian Paediatric Society – Caring for Kids
Anemia screening: Screening for iron deficiency anemia should be considered between 6 and 18 months of age for infants/children from high risk groups: E.g. Low SES; Indigenous communities; newly arrived refugee, internationally adopted and immigrant children from resource-poor countries; low-birth-weight and premature infants; infants/children fed whole cow’s milk before 9 months of age or at quantities > 500 mls/day; prolonged bottle feeding beyond 15 months of age; or sub-optimal intake of iron-containing foods. Beyond this age, anemia screening as per additional risk factors. Iron requirements (CPS) |
Tuberculosis – TB skin testing: For up-to-date information, see Canadian TB Standards: 2014 |